Suetonius identifies the Sphinx as the personal badge of Augustus, featured prominently on his signet ring, which sealed both diplomatic and private correspondence. While its use on coins was rare, the Sphinx appeared on a limited number of aurei, denarii, and cistophori struck at Eastern mints, notably Pergamum. These coins often marked Augustus’ presence in the region, such as during his visit to the Eastern provinces between 21 and 19 B.C. when he addressed administrative reforms and engaged diplomatically with the Parthian King Phraates IV. In its symbolic role, the Sphinx reflected Augustus’ authority and the protective qualities of this ancient motif.

Augustus likely adopted the Sphinx for its dual role as a guardian spirit and heraldic badge, traits deeply rooted in Egyptian and Mesopotamian traditions. The Sphinx also embodied a fierce, destructive aspect, which Pliny attributes as the reason Augustus ultimately replaced it with the image of Alexander the Great. The Greek version of the Sphinx, distinct from its Egyptian counterpart, had wings and an oracular, female character, representing both divinity and ferocity. These elements aligned with Augustus’ persona as both protector and conqueror, while also invoking his connection to Apollo, his divine patron.

The artistic rendering of the Sphinx on Augustan coins was meticulous, reflecting its significance. Sutherland suggests the design closely mirrored Augustus’ signet ring, blending Greek stylistic features with Roman influences, such as coiffure resembling those of prominent Roman women like Octavia and Livia. These coins also emphasized Augustus’ idealized portrait, highlighting his sharp features with a level of detail superior to typical mint engravings. Over time, Augustus transitioned from the Sphinx to other symbols, including Alexander the Great and eventually his own image, reflecting evolving political narratives and personal preferences.

Various theories explain the use of the Sphinx on Augustus’ cistophori, associating it with Venus, the conquest of Egypt, or the recovery of military standards from Parthia. However, the most plausible explanation is its connection to Augustus’ personal signet ring. The Sphinx was used on coins struck in Asia from 28 to 25 B.C., with specific varieties marking distinct phases of coinage. By around 25 B.C., Augustus discontinued the Sphinx motif, likely due to its controversial associations with ruthlessness and destruction, choosing instead symbols that reflected his admiration for Alexander the Great or his own deified image.

ROMAN COINS, ROMAN EMPIRE, AUGUSTUS. 27-14, Asia (Pergamon). Cistophor. IMP CAESAR Bare head right. Rs: AVGVSTVS Sphinx sitting right. RIC 492. RPC 2210. 11.59g

Ex collection René Baron. Ex. Munzen & Medaillen AG List 475, March 1st 1985, lot 26; Ex M&M Basel 68, 1986, lot no. 352. Ex Credit de la Bourse, Paris, list 1991 no. 217.